Zero-energy Devices for 6G: Technical Enablers at a Glance
arxiv(2024)
摘要
Low-cost, resource-constrained, maintenance-free, and energy-harvesting (EH)
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, referred to as zero-energy devices (ZEDs),
are rapidly attracting attention from industry and academia due to their myriad
of applications. To date, such devices remain primarily unsupported by modern
IoT connectivity solutions due to their intrinsic fabrication, hardware,
deployment, and operation limitations, while lacking clarity on their key
technical enablers and prospects. Herein, we address this by discussing the
main characteristics and enabling technologies of ZEDs within the next
generation of mobile networks, specifically focusing on unconventional EH
sources, multi-source EH, power management, energy storage solutions,
manufacturing material and practices, backscattering, and low-complexity
receivers. Moreover, we highlight the need for lightweight and energy-aware
computing, communication, and scheduling protocols, while discussing potential
approaches related to TinyML, duty cycling, and infrastructure enablers like
radio frequency wireless power transfer and wake-up protocols. Challenging
aspects and open research directions are identified and discussed in all the
cases. Finally, we showcase an experimental ZED proof-of-concept related to
ambient cellular backscattering.
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