Procedural Driving Skill Coaching from More Skilled Drivers to Safer Drivers: A Survey.

Improving driver behaviors through driving education and coaching is well-recognized as being necessary and efficient for driving safely and reducing traffic accidents, as they promise to reduce human factors accounting for most of the crash involvements. Driver education programs are currently widely employed in many countries, ensuring that the necessary procedural driving skills and competencies are imparted during these processes, to make more skilled drivers. However, making people more skilled drivers does not make them safer ones, the effectiveness of driving education is greatly restricted by the limited amount of actual supervised driving involved and the absence of individualized feedback. To this aim, driving coaching emerges as a more practical alternative to develop safely driving by proactively providing coaching feedback to enhance skills and cultivate corrective behaviors, with the recent technological developments in intelligent vehicles and transportation. This paper presents a systematic review of the existing studies for examining the empirical evidences on the various coaching explorations for the development of drivers’ procedural driving skills. In particular, we propose a taxonomy to classify existing driving coaching into four categories, and explore the answers to three questions: what types, when and how the different kinds of driving coaching are provided and delivered. Finally, the challenges and future directions are also presented from three aspects.