Compressive strength prediction of ternary-blended concrete using deep neural network with tuned hyperparameters

Studies have been conducted to predict the compressive strength of ternary-blended concrete using regression models, such as support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF), and artificial neural networks. In particular, deep neural networks (DNNs) are one of the most effective nonlinear regression models for predicting compressive strength based on the intricate relationships among constituent materials. However, because the DNN depends on training data, previous studies presented different varieties of ternary-blended concrete, suggesting that appropriate training is required. In addition, the analysis of optimal hyperparameter processes to ensure model performance has not been conducted extensively. This study established appropriate DNN models tuned with hyperparameters to effectively predict the compressive strength of ternaryblended concrete. The dataset used in this study was a set of 775 on-site mix proportions of ternary-blended concrete provided by a ready-mix concrete company in South Korea. Water, cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, fly ash, blast furnace slag, curing temperature, and curing humidity were the inputs, and the compressive strength was set as the output. The basic statistical characteristics of the data used and the performance evaluation (mean square error [MSE] and mean absolute error [MAE]) of 15 models with hidden layers and units as variables were analyzed to determine the network architecture. Based on the model with the selected structure, hyperparameter tuning (batch size, dropout, and batch normalization) was applied to improve the performance of the DNN model. The advanced DNN model exhibited 18% lower MAE losses and 27% lower MSE losses than the conventional DNN model. In addition, based on the MAE losses and MSE losses, the advanced DNN model showed 4% and 12% lower errors than those of SVR, and 11% and 15% lower errors than those of RF, indicating that the DNN model with hyperparameter tuning performed better than the other models.