Driver response and recovery following automation initiated disengagement in real-world hands-free driving.

Automation-initiated disengagements triggered substantial changes in driver glance behavior including shorter on-road glances and frequent transitions between Road and Instrument Cluster glance locations. This information seeking behavior may capture drivers' search for information related to the disengagement or the automation state and is likely shaped by the automation design. The study findings can inform the design of more effective driver-centric information displays for smoother transitions and faster recovery.