Fear in action: Fear conditioning and alleviation through body movements

Acquisition of fear memories enhances survival especially when the memories guide defensive movements to minimize harm. Accordingly, fear memories and body movements have tight relationships in animals: Fear memory acquisition results in adapting reactive defense movements, while training active defense movements to avoid threat reduces fear memory. However, evidence in humans is scarce because their movements are typically marginalized in experiments. Here, we tracked participants’ whole-body motions while they underwent fear conditioning in a virtual 3D space. First, representational similarity analysis of body motions revealed that participants obtained distinct spatiotemporal movement patterns through fear conditioning. Second, subsequent training to actively avoid threats with naturalistic defensive actions led to a long-term (24 hrs) reduction of physiological and embodied conditioned responses, while extinction or vicarious training only transiently reduced the responses followed by their spontaneous return. Together, our results highlight the intrinsic role of body movements in human fear memory functions, suggesting the potential for improving fear memory interventions through embodiment. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.