Error Term Checking: Towards Chosen Ciphertext Security without Re-encryption

ABSTRACTChosen ciphertext security for lattice based encryption schemes is generally achieved through a generic transformation such as the Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation. This method requires full re-encryption of the plaintext during decapsulation, which typically dominates the cost of the latter procedure. In this work we show that it is possible to develop alternative transformations specifically designed for lattice based encryption schemes. We propose two novel chosen ciphertext transformations, ETC1 and ETC2, in which re-encryption is replaced by checking the error term of the input ciphertext. We show that our new ciphertext validity check can be securely applied to lattice based encryption schemes under specific conditions. For the NIST post-quantum standardization candidate Threebears we show a speed-up for decapsulation of up to 37.4%. Moreover, as our method only changes the validation check during decapsulation, it is fully backwards compatible with existing implementations of the Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation.