Design and dynamic management of hierarchical NoCs

As the number of modules grows, performance scalability of planar topology Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) becomes limited due to increasing hop-distances, since long paths involve more routers. The growing hop-distance affects both end-to-end network latency and overall network saturation. Hierarchical topologies provide routes with shorter hop-distances and therefore are more adequate for large systems. The introduction of hierarchical NoCs poses new challenges as they should provide the shortest hop-distance for as many as possible source–destination pairs with minimal interference among packets, at the lowest hardware and system costs.