Impact of central carbon metabolism bypasses on the production of beta-carotene in Yarrowa lipolytica

Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast with ever growing popularity in the metabolic engineering circles. It is well known for its ability to accommodate a high carbon flux through acetyl-CoA and is being extensively studied for production of chemicals derived from it. We investigated the effects of modifying the upstream metabolism leading to acetyl-CoA on beta-carotene production, including its titer, yield, and content. We examined the pyruvate and the phosphoketolase bypass, both of which are stoichiometrically favorable for the production of acetyl-CoA and beta-carotene. Additionally, we examined a set of genes involved in the carnitine shuttle. We constructed a set of parental strains derived from the Y. lipolytica YB-392 wild-type strain, each with a different capacity for beta-carotene production, and introduced genes for the metabolic bypasses in each of the constructed parental strains. Subsequently, we subjected these constructed strains to a series of fermentation experiments. We discovered that altering the upstream metabolism in most cases led to a decrease in performance for production of beta-carotene. Most notably, a set of genes used for the pyruvate bypass ( YlPDC2 , YlALD5 , and YlACS1 ) and the phosphoketolase bypass ( LmXPK and CkPTA ) resulted in the reduction of more than 30%. Our findings contribute to our understanding of Y. lipolytica 's metabolic capacity and suggest that production of beta-carotene is most likely not limited solely by the acetyl-CoA supply. We also highlight a complex nature of engineering Y. lipolytica , as most of the results from studies using a different strain background did not align with our findings. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.