Evolving Control Structures with Automatically

Koza has previously shown that the power of a ge- netic programming system can often be enhanced by allowing for the simultaneous evolution of a main pro- gram and a collection of automatically defined func- tions (ADFs). In this paper I show how related tech- niques can be used to simultaneously evolve a collec- tion of automatically defined macros (ADMs). I show how ADMs can be used to produce new control struc- tures during the evolution of a program, and I present data showing that ADMs sometimes provide a greater benefit than do ADFs. I discuss the characteristics of problems that may benefit most from the use of ADMs, or from architectures that include both ADFs and ADMs, and I discuss directions for further re- search.